[Russian study on brain aneurysm surgery: a continuation (RIHA II)]. / Rossiiskoe issledovanie po khirurgii anevrizm golovnogo mozga: prodolzhenie (RIKhA II).

OBJECTIVE: To assess the main performance indicators of neurosurgical departments in surgical treatment of cerebral aneurysms in the Russian Federation. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We analyzed 22 neurosurgical departments (19 regional and 3 federal hospitals) in 2017 and 2021. The study enrolled 6.135 patients including 3.160 ones in 2017 and 2.975 ones in 2021. We studied the features of surgical treatment of cerebral aneurysms in different volume hospitals and factors influencing postoperative outcomes. RESULTS: The number of surgeries for cerebral aneurysms decreased from 2.950 in 2017 to 2.711 in 2021. Postoperative mortality rate was 6.3% and 5.6%, respectively. The number of microsurgical interventions decreased from 60% in 2017 to 48% in 2021. The share of endovascular interventions increased from 40% to 52%, respectively. Endovascular embolization was accompanied by stenting in 55% of cases. Simultaneous revascularization was carried out in 2% of cases. In 2021, the number of patients undergoing surgery in acute period of hemorrhage increased to 70% (in 2017 - 61%). The number of hospitals performing more than 50 surgical interventions for cerebral aneurysms annually increased from 14 in 2017 to 17 in 2021. CONCLUSION: Certain changes in neurosurgical service occurred in 2021 compared to 2017. Lower number of surgical interventions for cerebral aneurysms, most likely caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, is accompanied by lower postoperative mortality. Endovascular interventions and revascularization techniques became more common. The number of surgeries in acute period after aneurysm rupture and hospitals performing more than 50 surgical interventions for cerebral aneurysms annually increased.

[The comparative effectiveness of the application of various methods for electrical muscle stimulation in the patients presenting with juvenile cerebral palsy].

We studied the clinical effectiveness of rehabilitation of 168 patients presenting with juvenile cerebral palsy in the form of spastic diplegia who received the comprehensive rehabilitative treatment including therapeutic physical exercises, paraffin applications, general hydromassage baths, manual massage and electrical stimulation of weakened muscles with the use of the following devices: for group 1 of the patients (n=38), for group 2 (n=43), for group 3 (n=45), and for group 4 (n=38). The study yielded the significantly higher scores in the test for groups 1,2, and 3 compared with group 4 (p<0.05). In all the groups, with the exception of group 4, a significant (p<0.05) increase in the range of ankle joint motions was observed in conjunction with the lowering of the spastic calf muscle tone. After a course of rehabilitation, the overall clinical effectiveness did not differ significantly between the groups, viz. it was documented in 36 (94.7%) patients of group 1, in 39 (92.8%) patients of group 2, in 43 (95.6%) patients of group 3, and in 38 (88.3%) patients of group 4. However, the estimates of devices for the combined rehabilitation of the patients suffering from juvenile cerebral palsy in the form of spastic diplegia.

[Mathematical modeling of movement of cilia in olfactory cells]. / Matematicheskoe modelirovanie dvizhedniia zhgutikov oboniatel'nykh kletok.

A mathematical model of the movement of olfactory cilia in different conditions was constructed. The realization of the model includes the development of a mechanical mathematical rheological model of the behavior of a continuous deformable medium, the development of the method of solution adapted to this problem, and obtaining a numerical solution, which takes into account different starting data. The mathematical modeling of the dynamic behavior of a deformable medium was performed using a system of equations for the dynamics of the deformable medium and the solution of the corresponding nonstationary system of equations in partial derivatives.

[The effect of uridine and uridine nucleotides on isolated rat heart performance in regional myocardial ischemia]. / Vliianie uridina i uridinovykh nukleotidov na raboty izolirovannogo serdtsa krys pri regionarnoi ischemii.

We studied the effects of uridine, uridine-5'-monophosphate (UMP), uridine-5'-diphosphate (UDP) and uridine-5'-triphosphate on contractility, coronary flow and heart rate in isolated perfused rat hearts under 60-minute regional ischemia of the left ventricle. All the compounds (50 mumol/l) induced a positive inotropic effect but had no effect on the heart rate. Uridine and UMP prevented the development of the contracture. UDP and especially UTP increased coronary flow. Probably, a protective effect of uridine and UMP is due to activation of myocardial glycogen synthesis while favourable effects of UDP and UTP on contractility and coronary flow are explained by their influence on P2U-receptors of cardiomyocytes. In addition, coronary dilatation induced by UDP and UTP promoted the reduction of the damaged zone.

[Action of regulators of peripheral cholinergic processes on development of early arrhythmia in myocardial ischemic rats]. / Vliianie reguliatorov perifericheskikh kholinergicheskikh protsessov na razvitie rannikh aritmii u krys pri ishemii miokarda.

Occlusion of the left coronary artery in rats provoked ventricular tachycardia (VT) and ventricular fibrillation (VF) within the first 30 min of ischemia leading to death in 20% animals. Methacin (i.v., 100 micrograms/kg) significantly prolonged VT and VF without effects on the survival. Acetylcholine (i.v., 10 micrograms/kg/min) had no influence on VT frequency and severity but prevented VF. Rats from this group survived. The same effect was observed for neostigmine (i.v., 25 micrograms/kg). Nicotine (i.v., 2.5 micrograms/kg/min) prolonged VT episode duration but did not change frequency and severity of VF and survival. Ganglioblockers hexametony and azametony (i.v., both in a dose 500 micrograms/kg) significantly attenuated VT, prevented VF and death of the animals. Thus, cholinotropic drugs may have both antiarrhythmic and proarrhythmogenic effects in early arrhythmias induced by ischemia.

Effect of uridine derivatives on myocardial stunning during postischemic reperfusion of rat heart.

Uridine and uridine-5'-monophosphate prevent myocardial stunning during postischemic reperfusion of isolated rat heart. Uridine-5'-diphosphate does not prevent postischemic myocardial dysfunction, while uridine-5'-triphosphate aggravates it.

[The effect of a new phenylalkyl taurine derivative on the size of the necrotic area in experimental myocardial infarct in rats]. / Vliianie novogo fenilalkil'nogo proizvodnogo taurina na razmer zony nekroza pri éksperimental'nom infarkte miokarda u krys.

The study of an anti-ischemic action of a new phenilalkyl taurin derivative TAU-60 has discovered that this drug attenuates ECG signs of myocardial infarction and reduces the size of necrosis zone on the anterior wall of the left ventricular myocardium in rats with experimental myocardial infarction.

[The role of the muscarinic, adenosine and adrenoreceptors of the heart in the development of postischemic reperfusion ventricular fibrillation]. / Rol' muskarinovykh, adenozinovykh i adrenoretseptorov serdtsa v razvitii postishemicheskoi reperfuzionnoi fibrilliatsii zheludochkov.

The authors studied the effect of m-cholino-, adreno-, and purinotropic agents on the development of postischemic reperfusion fibrillation of isolated rat hearts. Pilocarpine, norepinephrine, phenylephrine, and adenosine caused a proarrhythmogenic effect. Atropine, trimedoxim, prazosin, and chloroquine made fibrillation less expressed. A direct correlation was found between the arrhythmogenic effect of reperfusion and the size of the no-reflow zone, with the use of the drugs too. It is concluded that the phospholipid mechanism contributes to realization of the arrhythmogenic effect of reperfusion and vascular disorders, leading to the occurrence of the no-reflow phenomenon.

[Dependence of cardiovascular effects of adenosine on the blood circulation type in rats]. / Zavisimost' kardiovaskuliarnykh éffektov adenozina ot tipa krovoobrashcheniia u krys.

Administration of adenosine increased the RR interval in greater degree at hyper- than in hypodynamic blood circulation type. The AV-blockade and atrial flutter were maximal in rats with hyperdynamic type of blood circulation. Propranolol weakened the adenosine cardiotropic effect whereas cholinoblockators enhanced it. Neurohumoral regulation exerted no effect on the adenosine hypotensive action.

[Adenosine pharmacokinetics in rats]. / Farmakokinetika adenozina u krys.

The pharmacokinetics of the effective peripheral vasodilator adenosine in blood serum of rats was studied after its intravenous injection. The dynamics of labeled adenosine in blood was described by means of a one-compartment mathematical model. The pharmacokinetic parameters of the drug were calculated from the model coefficients. The distribution of the label of adenosine and its metabolites in blood serum and heart, liver, and kidney tissues was studied by thin-layer chromatography.

[Effect of purine nucleosides on the contractile function of the rat heart in ischemia and reperfusion]. / Vliianie purinovykh nukleotidov na sokratitel'nuiu funktsiiu serdtsa krys pri ishemii i reperfuzii.

The Langendorf isolated rat hearts underwent 30-minute total ischemia followed by 60-minute reperfusion. Adenosine, inosine or guanosine was added at a concentration of 50 mumol/l into the perfusate in the first 30 minutes. The nucleotides significantly increased the developed pressure and the maximum left ventricular contractility rate. The most effective agent was adenosine which also made blood flow higher. Guanosine was more effective than adenosine and inosine in protecting the heart from ischemic contracture. At the same time adenosine augmented the arrhythmogenic effect of reperfusion, by significantly elevating the cardiac levels of diene conjugates and malonic dialdehyde. It is suggested that the arrhythmogenic effect of adenosine is the result of activated lipid peroxidation due to adenosine exchange via the xanthine reaction during nucleotide-induced vasodilation.

[The effect of adenosine on the contractile function of the heart during experimental ischemia and reperfusion]. / Deistvie adenozina na sokratitelnuiu funktsiiu serdtsa pri éksperimentalnoi ishemii i reperfuzii.

It has been shown that 30 min ischemia followed by 30 min reperfusion inhibits cardiac contractility. The addition of adenosine at a concentration of 50 or 100 mumol/l into the perfusate normalized a decreased cardiac contractility and prevented the onset of contracture.

[Hemodynamic effects of purine nucleosides in regional ischemia and reperfusion]. / Gemodinamicheskie éffecty purinovykh nukleozidov pri regionarnoi ishemii i reperfuzii.

The rat hearts were subjected to 60-min ischemia by left coronary artery ligation followed by 60-min reperfusion, involving intravenous adenosine inosine or guanosine given in a dose of 1 mg/kg.min-1 in the first 30 minutes of reperfusion. Ischemia and subsequent reperfusion caused a progressive decrease in cardiac output and coronary blood flow. Adenosine was found to enhance coronary blood flow and increase cardiac and stroke outputs. Inosine produced nearly the same, but less pronounced effect. Guanosine increased cardiac output without changing coronary blood flow.

[Effect of essential phospholipids on intensity of lipid peroxidation in the myocardium in experimental post-hypoxic reoxygenation]. / Vliianie éssentsial'nykh fosfolipidov na intensivnost lipoperoksidatsii v miokarde pri éksperimental'noi postgipoksicheskoi reoksigenatsii.

Correction of the lipid peroxidation rate using essential phospholipids was studied. The phospholipids were used in protection of heart tissue in experimental posthypoxic reoxygenation. Administration of essential phospholipids into the rats during myocardium reoxygenation led to an increase in activity of superoxide dismutase. The drugs containing essential phospholipids may be used in clinical practice for treatment of the impairments when elevated lipid peroxidation occurred.

[New adenosine derivatives as agents to prevent postischemic disorders]. / Novye proizvodnye adenozina kak sredstva profilaktiki postishemicheskikh narushenii.

The authors studied prophylactic action of adenosine analogs during ischemic liver damage. Hepatoprotective action of adenosine analogs was established.

[The effect of guanosyl-5'-monophosphate on metabolic processes in rats with experimental myocarditis]. / Vliianie guanozin-5'-monofosfata na protsessy metabolizma u krys s éksperimental'nym miokarditom.

Ten days course of 5'-GMP intramuscular administration at a dose of 25 mg/kg into rats with adrenaline-produced myocarditis led to normalization of NAD content in myocardial tissue which contributed to restoration of NAD-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase activity. During the 5'-GMP administration content of ATP and creatine phosphate was kept at the same low level as compared with controls, while restoration of glycogen content was retarded in the heart muscle. Activity of lactate dehydrogenase and lactic acid content were not altered. The decrease in content of pyruvic acid detected in response to 5'-GMP administration may occur due to elevated decarboxylation of pyruvate as a result of NAD content increase in heart muscle.

[Effect of adenosine on hemodynamic changes during the development of neurogenic myocardial lesions]. / Vliianie adenozina na izmeneniia gemodinamiki pri razvitii neirogennykh porazhenii miokarda.

The influence of adenosine on hemodynamic changes induced by electrostimulation of reflexogenic zone of aorta was studied in this article. It was shown that 3-hour electrostimulation increased the total peripheral resistance and decreased cardiac output and aortic pressure. Intravenous infusion of adenosine during electrostimulation led to the normalization of main indices of hemodynamics.

[Effect of adenosine on the size of experimental myocardial infarction and "no re-flow" areas]. / Vliianie adenozina na razmer eksperimental'nogo infarkta miokarda i velichinu zony "nevosstanovleniia krovotoka".

In rabbit experiments, adenosine was studied for its effects on the sizes of myocardial infarction and "no reflow" zones after coronary artery occlusion and reperfusion. Intravenous administration of adenosine resulted in a steady drop in blood pressure, decrease in heart rate and increase in the extent of infarction and "no reflow" zone.